For example, to send a notification only to Apple platforms and web but not to Android, you must use two separate sets of fields, one for Apple and one for web. When you are sending messages with specific delivery options , use platform-specific fields to set them. You can specify different values per platform if you want. However, even when you want to set essentially the same value across platforms, you must use platform-specific fields.

This is because each platform may interpret the value slightly differently—for example, time-to-live is set on Android as an expiration time in seconds, while on Apple it is set as an expiration date. This example send request sends a common notification title and content to all platforms, but it also sends some platform-specific overrides to Android devices. For Android, the request sets a special icon and color to display on Android devices. As noted in the reference for AndroidNotification , the color is specified in rrggbb format, and the image must be a drawable icon resource local to the Android app.

See the HTTP v1 reference documentation for complete detail on the keys available in platform-specific blocks in the message body. The following example send request sends a common notification title to all platforms, but it also sends an image.

Here's an approximation of the visual effect on a user's device:. The following example send request sends a common notification title to all platforms, but it also sends an action for the app to perform in response to user interacting with the notification. The following example send request sends localization options for the client to display localized messages. The following table lists the Firebase Admin FCM API error codes and their descriptions, including recommended resolution steps.

If you prefer to use the legacy protocols, build message requests as shown in this section. Keep in mind that, if you are sending to multiple platforms via HTTP, the v1 protocol can simplify your message requests. To send messages to specific devices, set the to key to the registration token for the specific app instance. The XMPP connection server provides some other options for responses. See Server response format.

For the full list of message options available when sending downstream messages to client apps, see the reference information for your chosen connection server protocol, HTTP or XMPP. Sending messages to a Firebase Cloud Messaging topic is very similar to sending messages to an individual device or to a user group.

To send to combinations of multiple topics, the app server must set the condition key instead of the to key to a boolean condition that specifies the target topics. For example, to send messages to devices that subscribed to TopicA and either TopicB or TopicC :.

These combinations do receive it: TopicA and TopicB TopicA and TopicC You can include up to five topics in your conditional expression, and parentheses are supported. Topic HTTP POST request Send to a single topic:. Expect up to 30 seconds of delay before the FCM Server returns a success or failure response to the topic send requests.

Make sure to set the app server's timeout value in the request accordingly. Sending messages to a device group is very similar to sending messages to an individual device. Set the to parameter to the unique notification key for the device group. See Message types for details on payload support. Examples in this page show how to send data messages to device groups in the legacy HTTP and XMPP protocols. The message was successfully sent to 1 of the registration tokens only. If the server attempts to send a message to a device group that has no members, the response looks like the following, with 0 success and 0 failure:.

When the message is sent to any one of the devices in the group successfully, the XMPP connection server responds with an ACK. If all messages sent to all devices in the group fail, XMPP connection server responds with a NACK. The response message lists the registration tokens that failed to receive the message:. When FCM connection server fails to deliver to all devices in the group. App server will receive a nack response.

For the full list of message options, see the reference information for your chosen connection server protocol, HTTP or XMPP. The Firebase Admin Node. js SDK supports methods for sending FCM messages based on the Legacy FCM server API. These methods accept different arguments compared to the send method. You should use the send method whenever possible, and only use the methods described in this page when sending messages to individual devices or device groups.

You can pass a registration token to the sendToDevice method to send a message to that device:. The sendToDevice method can also send a multicast message that is, a message to multiple devices by passing an array of registration tokens instead of just a single registration token:.

The sendToDevice method returns a promise that is resolved with a MessagingDevicesResponse object containing the response from FCM. The return type has the same format when passing a single registration token or an array of registration tokens.

Some cases such as an authentication error or rate limiting cause the entirety of the message to fail to process. In these cases, the promise returned by sendToDevice is rejected with an error. For a full list of error codes, including descriptions and resolution steps, see Admin FCM API Errors. Device group messaging allows you to add multiple devices to a single group. This is similar to topic messaging, but includes authentication to ensure that group membership is managed only by your servers.

Device group messaging differs from topic messaging in that it involves managing device groups from your servers instead of directly within your application. You can use device group messaging via the legacy XMPP or HTTP protocols on your app server. Older versions of the Firebase Admin SDK for Node. js are based on the legacy protocols and also provide device group messaging capabilities.

The maximum number of members allowed for a notification key is You can create device groups and generate notification keys via an app server or an Android client. See Managing device groups for details. The sendToDeviceGroup method allows you to send a message to a device group by specifying the notification key for that device group:.

The sendToDeviceGroup method returns a promise that is resolved with a MessagingDevicesResponse object containing the response from FCM. In these cases, the promise returned by sendToDeviceGroup is rejected with an error. The above methods based on the FCM legacy protocols accept a message payload as their second argument and support both notification and data messages. For example, here is how to define different types of message payloads:. Notification message payloads have a predefined subset of valid properties and differ slightly depending on which mobile operating system you are targeting.

See the reference docs for NotificationMessagePayload for a full list. Data message payloads are composed of custom key-value pairs with a few restrictions, including the fact that all values must be strings. See the reference docs for DataMessagePayload for a full list of restrictions. The above methods based on the FCM legacy protocols accept an optional third argument specifying some options for the message.

For example, the following example sends a high priority message to a device which expires after 24 hours:. See the reference docs for MessagingOptions for a full list of available options. Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4. For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies. Products Build. Explore all solutions.

Discover solutions for use cases in your apps and businesses. Emulator Suite. Overview Analytics. Remote Config. API reference. Cloud Messaging. Web JavaScript. Server environments. In-App Messaging. Dynamic Links. Explore use cases. Create Dynamic Links.

Receive Dynamic Links. Google AdMob. Use AdMob in a game. Test adoption of new ad formats. Optimize ad frequency. Google Ads. Measure iOS Ads conversions. App Indexing. Related products. Catch up on everything announced at Firebase Summit, and learn how Firebase can help you accelerate app development and run your app with confidence. Learn More. Using the Firebase Admin SDK or FCM app server protocols, you can build message requests and send them to these types of targets: Topic name Condition Device registration token Device group name legacy protocols and Firebase Admin SDK for Node.

js only You can send messages with a notification payload made up of predefined fields, a data payload of your own user-defined fields, or a message containing both types of payload. Send messages to specific devices To send to a single, specific device, pass the device's registration token as shown. send message. log 'Successfully sent message:', response ; }. putData "score", "". putData "time", "". setToken registrationToken. sendMulticast message.

log response. addAllTokens registrationTokens. println response. success { failedTokens. push registrationTokens[idx] ; } } ; console. sendMulticast message ; if response.

Figure 4. Generate a signed version of your app for the selected product flavors. Figure 5. Click the link in the popup to analyze or locate your app bundle, or locate your exported signing key. After Android Studio finishes building your signed app, you can either locate or analyze your app by clicking on the appropriate option in the pop-up notification. If you selected the option to export your signing key, you can quickly navigate to it by clicking the dropdown arrow in the bottom right corner of the popup to expand it and clicking Show Exported Key File , as shown in figure 5.

Otherwise, continue to the page about how to Upload your app to the Play Console. As described earlier in this page, configuring Play App Signing is required to sign your app for distribution through Google Play except for apps created before August , which may continue distributing self-signed APKs.

The steps you need to take depend on whether your app has not yet been published to Google Play, or your app is already signed and was published before August using an existing app signing key. To configure signing for an app that has not yet been published to Google Play, proceed as follows:. In the section called App Bundles , click Browse files to locate and upload the app you signed using your upload key. If you need to create a new upload key for you app, go to the section about how to Reset a lost or compromised private upload key.

Google Play now signs your app with your existing key when deploying it to users. However, one of the most important benefits to Play App Signing is the ability to separate the key you use to sign the artifact you upload to Google Play from the key that Google Play uses to sign your app for distribution to users. So, consider following the steps in the next section to generate and register a separate upload key.

When you're publishing an app that is not signed by an upload key, the Google Play Console provides the option to register one for future updates to the app. That way, Google keeps your signing key secure, and you have the option to reset a lost or compromised private upload key.

This section describes how to create an upload key, generate an upload certificate from it, and register that certificate with Google Play for future updates of your app.

The following describes the situations in which you see the option to register an upload certificate in the Play Console:. After you create your upload key and keystore, you need to generate a public certificate from your upload key using keytool , with the following command:. Now that you have your upload certificate, register it with Google when prompted in the Play Console or read the section below to register it through the Google Play support team.

In some circumstances, you might want to change your app's signing key. For example, because you want a cryptographically stronger key or your signing key has been compromised. However, because users can only update your app if the update is signed with the same signing key, it's difficult to change the signing key for an app that's already published. If you publish your app to Google Play, you can upgrade the signing key for your published app through the Play Console—your new key is used to sign new installs and app updates, while your older app signing key is used to sign updates for users who installed your app before the key upgrade.

To learn more, read Upgrade your app signing key for new installs. If you lost your private upload key or your private key has been compromised, you can create a new one and contact the Google Play support team to reset the key. In Android Studio, you can configure your project to sign the release version of your app automatically during the build process by creating a signing configuration and assigning it to your release build type.

A signing configuration consists of a keystore location, keystore password, key alias, and key password. To create a signing configuration and assign it to your release build type using Android Studio, complete the following steps:. Select your keystore file, enter a name for this signing configuration as you may create more than one , and enter the required information. Figure 7. The window for creating a new signing configuration.

Figure 8. Select a signing configuration in Android Studio. When you create a signing configuration, your signing information is included in plain text in your Gradle build files. If you are working in a team or sharing your code publicly, you should keep your signing information secure by removing it from the build files and storing it separately. You can read more about how to remove your signing information from your build files in Remove Signing Information from Your Build Files.

For more about keeping your signing information secure, read Secure your key. If your app uses product flavors and you would like to sign each flavor differently, you can create additional signing configurations and assign them by flavor:.

Figure You can also specify your signing settings in Gradle configuration files. For more information, see Configuring Signing Settings.

If you choose not to opt in to Play App Signing only for apps created before August , you can manage your own app signing key and keystore. Keep in mind, you are responsible for securing the key and the keystore. Additionally, your app will not be able to support Android App Bundles, Play Feature Delivery and Play Asset Delivery. When you are ready to create your own key and keystore, make sure you first choose a strong password for your keystore and a separate strong password for each private key stored in the keystore.

You must keep your keystore in a safe and secure place. If you lose access to your app signing key or your key is compromised, Google cannot retrieve the app signing key for you, and you will not be able to release new versions of your app to users as updates to the original app.

For more information, see Secure your key , below. If you manage your own app signing key and keystore, when you sign your APK, you will sign it locally using your app signing key and upload the signed APK directly to the Google Play Store for distribution as shown in figure Signing an app when you manage your own app signing key.

When you use Play App Signing , Google keeps your signing key safe, and ensures your apps are correctly signed and able to receive updates throughout their lifespans. However, if you decide to manage your app signing key yourself, there are a few considerations you should keep in mind.

You should sign your app with the same certificate throughout its expected lifespan. There are several reasons why you should do so:.

If you plan to support upgrades for an app, ensure that your app signing key has a validity period that exceeds the expected lifespan of that app.

A validity period of 25 years or more is recommended. When your key's validity period expires, users will no longer be able to seamlessly upgrade to new versions of your app. If you plan to publish your apps on Google Play, the key you use to sign your app must have a validity period ending after 22 October Google Play enforces this requirement to ensure that users can seamlessly upgrade apps when new versions are available. If you choose to manage and secure your app signing key and keystore yourself instead of opting in to Play App Signing , securing your app signing key is of critical importance, both to you and to the user.

If you allow someone to use your key, or if you leave your keystore and passwords in an unsecured location such that a third-party could find and use them, your authoring identity and the trust of the user are compromised. If a third party should manage to take your app signing key without your knowledge or permission, that person could sign and distribute apps that maliciously replace your authentic apps or corrupt them.

Such a person could also sign and distribute apps under your identity that attack other apps or the system itself, or corrupt or steal user data. Your private key is required for signing all future versions of your app.

If you lose or misplace your key, you will not be able to publish updates to your existing app. You cannot regenerate a previously generated key. Your reputation as a developer entity depends on your securing your app signing key properly, at all times, until the key is expired. Here are some tips for keeping your key secure:. In general, if you follow common-sense precautions when generating, using, and storing your key, it will remain secure. When you create a signing configuration, Android Studio adds your signing information in plain text to the module's build.

gradle files. If you are working with a team or open-sourcing your code, you should move this sensitive information out of the build files so it is not easily accessible to others. To do this, you should create a separate properties file to store secure information and refer to that file in your build files as follows:. Note: You could choose to store your keystore. properties file in another location for example, in the module folder rather than the root folder for the project, or on your build server if you are using a continuous integration tool.

In that case, you should modify the code above to correctly initialize keystorePropertiesFile using your actual keystore. properties file's location. Because your build files no longer contain sensitive information, you can now include them in source control or upload them to a shared codebase.

Be sure to keep the keystore. properties file secure. This may include removing it from your source control system. Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License. Platform Android Studio Google Play Jetpack Kotlin Docs Games. Android Studio. Download What's new User guide Preview. Platform Android Studio Download What's new User guide Preview Google Play Jetpack Kotlin Docs Games.

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Configure your build. Optimize your build speed. Debug your app. Test your app. Other testing tools. Profile your app.

Android requires that all APKs be digitally signed with a certificate before they are installed on a device or updated. When releasing using Android App Bundles , you need to sign your app bundle with an upload key before uploading it to the Play Console, and Play App Signing takes care of the rest.

For apps distributing using APKs on the Play Store created before August or on other stores, you must manually sign your APKs for upload. This page guides you through some important concepts related to app signing and security, how to sign your app for release to Google Play using Android Studio, and how to configure Play App Signing. The following is a high-level overview of the steps you might need to take to sign and publish a new app to Google Play:.

If instead your app is already published to the Google Play Store with an existing app signing key, or you would like to choose the app signing key for a new app instead of having Google generate it, follow these steps:. This page also explores how to manage your own keys for when uploading your app to other app stores. If you do not use Android Studio or would rather sign your app from the command line, learn about how to use apksigner. With Play App Signing, Google manages and protects your app's signing key for you and uses it to sign your APKs for distribution.

And, because app bundles defer building and signing APKs to the Google Play Store, you need to configure Play App Signing before you upload your app bundle. Doing so lets you benefit from the following:. One time key upgrade for new installs lets you change your app signing key in case your existing one is compromised or if you need to migrate to a cryptographically stronger key. Play App Signing uses two keys: the app signing key and the upload key , which are described in further detail in the section about Keys and keystores.

You keep the upload key and use it to sign your app for upload to the Google Play Store. Google uses the upload certificate to verify your identity, and signs your APK s with your app signing key for distribution as shown in figure 1. By using a separate upload key you can request an upload key reset if your key is ever lost or compromised. Figure 1. Signing an app with Play App Signing. When you use Play App Signing, if you lose your upload key, or if it is compromised, you can contact Google to revoke your old upload key and generate a new one.

Because your app signing key is secured by Google, you can continue to upload new versions of your app as updates to the original app, even if you change upload keys. To learn more, read Reset a lost or compromised private upload key. The next section describes some important terms and concepts related to app signing and security. Java Keystores. jks or. keystore are binary files that serve as repositories of certificates and private keys.

A public key certificate. der or. Upload key: The key you use to sign the app bundle or APK before you upload it for app signing with Google Play. You must keep the upload key secret. However, you can share the certificate that is generated using your upload key. You may generate an upload key in one of the following ways:.

This is used to register public key s with API providers; it's intended to be shared, as it does not contain your private key. A certificate fingerprint is a short and unique representation of a certificate that is often requested by API providers alongside the package name to register an app to use their service.

The MD5, SHA-1 and SHA fingerprints of the upload and app signing certificates can be found on the app signing page of the Play Console. Other fingerprints can also be computed by downloading the original certificate. der from the same page. When running or debugging your project from the IDE, Android Studio automatically signs your app with a debug certificate generated by the Android SDK tools. keystore , and sets the keystore and key passwords.

Because the debug certificate is created by the build tools and is insecure by design, most app stores including the Google Play Store do not accept apps signed with a debug certificate for publishing. Android Studio automatically stores your debug signing information in a signing configuration so you do not have to enter it every time you debug. A signing configuration is an object consisting of all of the necessary information to sign your app, including the keystore location, keystore password, key name, and key password.

For more information about how to build and run apps for debugging, see Build and Run Your App. The self-signed certificate used to sign your app for debugging has an expiration date of 30 years from its creation date.

When the certificate expires, you get a build error. To fix this problem, simply delete the debug. keystore file stored in one of the following locations:. The next time you build and run a debug version of your app, Android Studio regenerates a new keystore and debug key.

When you are ready to publish your app, you need to sign your app and upload it to an app store, such as Google Play. When publishing your app to Google Play for the first time, you must also configure Play App Signing.

Play App Signing is optional for apps created before August This section shows you how to properly sign your app for release and configure Play App Signing.

If you don't already have an upload key, which is useful when configuring Play App Signing, you can generate one using Android Studio as follows:. On the New Key Store window, provide the following information for your keystore and key, as shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Create a new upload key and keystore in Android Studio. If you would like to build and sign your app with your upload key, continue to the section about how to Sign your app with your upload key.

If you only want to generate the key and keystore, click Cancel. If you already have an upload key, use it to sign your app. If instead your app is already signed and published to the Google Play store with an existing app signing key, use it to sign your app and make sure to encrypt and export it to opt your app in to Play App Signing.

To sign your app using Android Studio, and export an existing app signing key, follow these steps:. Specify the path to your keystore, the alias for your key, and enter the passwords for both. If you haven't yet prepared your upload keystore and key, first Generate an upload key and keystore and then return to complete this step. Figure 3. Sign your app with your upload key. pepk file. You can then use your encrypted app signing key to opt in an existing app into Play App Signing.

In the next window shown in figure 4 , select a destination folder for your signed app, select the build type, choose the product flavor s if applicable. If you are building and signing an APK, you need to select which Signature Versions you want your app to support. To learn more, read about app signing schemes. Figure 4. Generate a signed version of your app for the selected product flavors.

Figure 5. Click the link in the popup to analyze or locate your app bundle, or locate your exported signing key. After Android Studio finishes building your signed app, you can either locate or analyze your app by clicking on the appropriate option in the pop-up notification. If you selected the option to export your signing key, you can quickly navigate to it by clicking the dropdown arrow in the bottom right corner of the popup to expand it and clicking Show Exported Key File , as shown in figure 5.

Otherwise, continue to the page about how to Upload your app to the Play Console. As described earlier in this page, configuring Play App Signing is required to sign your app for distribution through Google Play except for apps created before August , which may continue distributing self-signed APKs. The steps you need to take depend on whether your app has not yet been published to Google Play, or your app is already signed and was published before August using an existing app signing key.

To configure signing for an app that has not yet been published to Google Play, proceed as follows:. In the section called App Bundles , click Browse files to locate and upload the app you signed using your upload key. If you need to create a new upload key for you app, go to the section about how to Reset a lost or compromised private upload key.

Google Play now signs your app with your existing key when deploying it to users. However, one of the most important benefits to Play App Signing is the ability to separate the key you use to sign the artifact you upload to Google Play from the key that Google Play uses to sign your app for distribution to users.

So, consider following the steps in the next section to generate and register a separate upload key. When you're publishing an app that is not signed by an upload key, the Google Play Console provides the option to register one for future updates to the app.

That way, Google keeps your signing key secure, and you have the option to reset a lost or compromised private upload key. This section describes how to create an upload key, generate an upload certificate from it, and register that certificate with Google Play for future updates of your app. The following describes the situations in which you see the option to register an upload certificate in the Play Console:.

After you create your upload key and keystore, you need to generate a public certificate from your upload key using keytool , with the following command:. Now that you have your upload certificate, register it with Google when prompted in the Play Console or read the section below to register it through the Google Play support team. In some circumstances, you might want to change your app's signing key. For example, because you want a cryptographically stronger key or your signing key has been compromised.

However, because users can only update your app if the update is signed with the same signing key, it's difficult to change the signing key for an app that's already published. If you publish your app to Google Play, you can upgrade the signing key for your published app through the Play Console—your new key is used to sign new installs and app updates, while your older app signing key is used to sign updates for users who installed your app before the key upgrade.

To learn more, read Upgrade your app signing key for new installs. If you lost your private upload key or your private key has been compromised, you can create a new one and contact the Google Play support team to reset the key. In Android Studio, you can configure your project to sign the release version of your app automatically during the build process by creating a signing configuration and assigning it to your release build type.

A signing configuration consists of a keystore location, keystore password, key alias, and key password. To create a signing configuration and assign it to your release build type using Android Studio, complete the following steps:.

Bring even more life to your Live Photos. If you plan to support upgrades for an app, ensure that your app signing key has a validity period that exceeds the expected lifespan of that app. Information Seller Meta Platforms, Inc. com Pokki PureOS Software Center Robot Cache Snap Store Steam Ubisoft Connect WeGame WildTangent. Portal : Free and open-source software.

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